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<title>Sampling frame</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sampling frame</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, a <b>sampling frame</b> is the source material or device from which a <a href="Sampling_(statistics)" title="Sampling (statistics)">sample</a> is drawn.<sup id="cite_ref-SärndalSwensson2003_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SärndalSwensson2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a list of all those within a <a href="Statistical_population" title="Statistical population">population</a> who can be sampled, and may include individuals, households or institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-SärndalSwensson2003_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SärndalSwensson2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Importance of the sampling frame is stressed by Jessen<sup id="cite_ref-Jessen1978_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jessen1978-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Salant and Dillman.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>In many practical situations the frame is a matter of choice to the survey planner, and sometimes a critical one. [...] Some very worthwhile investigations are not undertaken at all because of the lack of an apparent frame; others, because of faulty frames, have ended in a disaster or in cloud of doubt</i>.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— Raymond James Jessen</p></div>

<p>A slightly more general concept of sampling frame includes <a href="Area_sampling_frame" title="Area sampling frame">area sampling frames</a>, whose elements have a geographic nature. Area sampling frames can be useful for example in agricultural statistics when a suitable and updated agricultural census is not available. In <a href="Environmental_surveying" title="Environmental surveying">environmental surveys</a>, area sampling frames may be the only option.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obtaining_and_organizing_a_sampling_frame">Obtaining and organizing a sampling frame</h2></div>

<p>In the most straightforward cases, such as when dealing with a batch of material from a production run, or using a <a href="Census" title="Census">census</a>, it is possible to identify and measure every single item in the population and to include any one of them in our sample; this is known as <i>direct element sampling</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SärndalSwensson2003_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SärndalSwensson2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in many other cases this is not possible; either because it is cost-prohibitive (reaching every citizen of a country) or impossible (reaching all humans alive).

</p><p>Having established the frame, there are a number of ways for organizing it to improve efficiency and effectiveness. It's at this stage that the researcher should decide whether the sample is in fact to be the whole population and would therefore be a <a href="Census" title="Census">census</a>.

</p><p>This list should also facilitate access to the selected sampling <a href="Statistical_unit" title="Statistical unit">units</a>. A frame may also provide additional 'auxiliary information' about its elements; when this information is related to variables or groups of interest, it may be used to improve survey design. While not necessary for simple sampling, a sampling frame used for more advanced sample techniques, such as <a href="Stratified_sampling" title="Stratified sampling">stratified sampling</a>, may contain additional information (such as <a href="Demographic_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic information">demographic information</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-SärndalSwensson2003_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SärndalSwensson2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, an electoral register might include name and sex; this information can be used to ensure that a sample taken from that frame covers all demographic categories of interest. (Sometimes the auxiliary information is less explicit; for instance, a telephone number may provide some information about location.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sampling_frame_qualities">Sampling frame qualities</h2></div>

<p>An ideal sampling frame will have the following qualities:<sup id="cite_ref-SärndalSwensson2003_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SärndalSwensson2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li>all units have a logical, numerical identifier</li>

<li>all units can be found – their contact information, map location or other relevant information is present</li>

<li>the frame is organized in a logical, systematic fashion</li>

<li>the frame has additional information about the units that allow the use of more advanced sampling frames</li>

<li>every element of the population of interest is present in the frame</li>

<li>every element of the population is present <i>only once</i> in the frame</li>

<li>no elements from outside the population of interest are present in the frame</li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_sampling_frames">Types of sampling frames</h2></div>

<p>The most straightforward type of frame is a list of elements of the population (preferably the entire population) with appropriate contact information. For example, in an <a href="Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">opinion poll</a>, possible sampling frames include an <a href="Electoral_register" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral register">electoral register</a> or a <a href="Telephone_directory" title="Telephone directory">telephone directory</a>. Other sampling frames can include employment records, school class lists, patient files in a hospital, organizations listed in a thematic database, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-SärndalSwensson2003_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SärndalSwensson2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SapsfordJupp2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SapsfordJupp2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a more practical levels, sampling frames have the form of <a href="Computer_file" title="Computer file">computer files</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SärndalSwensson2003_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SärndalSwensson2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Not all frames explicitly list population elements; some list only 'clusters'. For example, a <a href="Street_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Street map">street map</a> can be used as a frame for a door-to-door survey; although it doesn't show individual houses, we can select streets from the map and then select houses on those streets. This offers some advantages: such a frame would include people who have recently moved and are not yet on the list frames discussed above, and it may be easier to use because it doesn't require storing data for every unit in the population, only for a smaller number of clusters.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sampling_frames_problems">Sampling frames problems</h2></div>

<p>The sampling frame must be representative of the population and this is a question outside the scope of statistical theory demanding the judgment of experts in the particular subject matter being studied. All the above frames omit some people who will vote at the next election and contain some people who will not; some frames will contain multiple records for the same person. People not in the frame have no prospect of being sampled.

</p><p>Because a cluster-based frame contains less information about the population, it may place constraints on the sample design, possibly requiring the use of less efficient sampling methods and/or making it harder to interpret the resulting data.

</p><p>Statistical theory tells us about the uncertainties in extrapolating from a sample to the frame. It should be expected that sample frames, will always contain some mistakes.<sup id="cite_ref-SapsfordJupp2006_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SapsfordJupp2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, this may lead to <a href="Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">sampling bias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SärndalSwensson2003_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SärndalSwensson2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such bias should be minimized, and identified, although avoiding it completely in a real world is nearly impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-SärndalSwensson2003_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SärndalSwensson2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One should also not assume that sources which claim to be unbiased and representative are such.<sup id="cite_ref-SärndalSwensson2003_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SärndalSwensson2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In defining the frame, practical, economic, ethical, and technical issues need to be addressed. The need to obtain timely results may prevent extending the frame far into the future. The difficulties can be extreme when the population and frame are <a href="Disjoint_sets" title="Disjoint sets">disjoint</a>. This is a particular problem in <a href="Forecasting" title="Forecasting">forecasting</a> where inferences about the future are made from historical <a href="Data" title="Data">data</a>. In fact, in 1703, when <a href="Jacob_Bernoulli" title="Jacob Bernoulli">Jacob Bernoulli</a> proposed to <a href="Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a> the possibility of using historical mortality data to predict the <a href="Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> of early death of a living man, <a href="Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a> recognized the problem in replying:<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein1998_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein1998-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nature has established patterns originating in the return of events but only for the most part. New illnesses flood the human race, so that no matter how many experiments you have done on corpses, you have not thereby imposed a limit on the nature of events so that in the future they could not vary.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— Gottfried Leibniz</p></div>

<p><a href="Leslie_Kish" title="Leslie Kish">Leslie Kish</a> posited four basic problems of sampling frames:<sup id="cite_ref-Kish1995_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kish1995-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ol><li>Missing elements: Some members of the population are not included in the frame.</li>

<li>Foreign elements: The non-members of the population are included in the frame.</li>

<li>Duplicate entries: A member of the population is surveyed more than once.</li>

<li>Groups or clusters: The frame lists clusters instead of individuals.</li></ol>

<p>Problems like those listed can be identified by the use of pre-survey tests and <a href="Pilot_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot studies">pilot studies</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFCarl-Erik_SärndalBengt_SwenssonJan_Wretman2003" class="citation book cs1">Carl-Erik Särndal; Bengt Swensson; Jan Wretman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ufdONK3E1TcC&pg=PA9"><i>Model assisted survey sampling</i></a>. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>12. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-387-40620-6</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Jessen1978-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jessen1978_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_James_Jessen1978" class="citation book cs1">Raymond James Jessen (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statisticalsurve00jess"><i>Statistical survey techniques</i></a></span>. Wiley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statisticalsurve00jess/page/160">160</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780471442608</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salant, Priscilla, and Don A. Dillman. "How to Conduct your own Survey: Leading professional give you proven techniques for getting reliable results" (1995)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sampling_frames_and_master_samples-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sampling_frames_and_master_samples_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTurner" class="citation web cs1">Turner, Anthony G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/meetings/egm/Sampling_1203/docs/no_3.pdf">"Sampling frames and master samples"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations Secretariat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SapsfordJupp2006-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SapsfordJupp2006_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SapsfordJupp2006_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_SapsfordVictor_Jupp2006" class="citation book cs1">Roger Sapsford; Victor Jupp (29 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BEDTrvUH8NcC&pg=PA28"><i>Data collection and analysis</i></a>. SAGE. pp. 28–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7619-4363-1</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bernstein1998-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein1998_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_L._Bernstein1998" class="citation book cs1">Peter L. Bernstein (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/againstgodsremar00pete_0"><i>Against the gods: the remarkable story of risk</i></a></span>. John Wiley and Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/againstgodsremar00pete_0/page/118">118</a>–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-471-29563-1</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Kish1995-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kish1995_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_Kish1995" class="citation book cs1">Leslie Kish (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=St-nQgAACAAJ"><i>Survey sampling</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-471-10949-5</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite> </span>

</li>

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